During and after the Second World War, a variety of camouflage schemes were used for aircraft and for ground vehicles in different theatres of war. At sea, merchant ships and troop carriers were painted in dazzle patterns that were highly visible, but designed to confuse enemy submarines as to the target's speed, range, and heading. On land, artists such as André Mare designed camouflage schemes and observation posts disguised as trees. In the 20th century, military camouflage developed rapidly, especially during the First World War. In particular the replacement of the inaccurate musket with the rifle made personal concealment in battle a survival skill. Military camouflage was spurred by the increasing range and accuracy of firearms in the 19th century. It is possible that some plants use camouflage to evade being eaten by herbivores. Some animals, such as chameleons and octopuses, are capable of actively changing their skin pattern and colours, whether for camouflage or for signalling. In the open ocean, where there is no background, the principal methods of camouflage are transparency, silvering, and countershading, while the ability to produce light is among other things used for counter-illumination on the undersides of cephalopods such as squid. The majority of camouflage methods aim for crypsis, often through a general resemblance to the background, high contrast disruptive coloration, eliminating shadow, and countershading. A third approach, motion dazzle, confuses the observer with a conspicuous pattern, making the object visible but momentarily harder to locate, as well as making general aiming easier. Examples include the leopard's spotted coat, the battledress of a modern soldier, and the leaf-mimic katydid's wings. A soldier applying camouflage face paint both helmet and jacket are disruptively patterned.Ĭamouflage is the use of any combination of materials, coloration, or illumination for concealment, either by making animals or objects hard to see, or by disguising them as something else. The peacock flounder can change its pattern and colours to match its environment. For other uses, see Camouflage (disambiguation). This was designed to deceive enemy shipping about the size, outline, course and speed of a ship, since the consequent distortion made it impossible to assess speed and distance and therefore made attack problematic.This article is about a form of protective coloration. This involved painting the sides and upper works of a ship in contrasting colours and shapes arranged in irregular zebra-like, angular patterns to create a distorted effect. What attracted him most were the ships covered in ‘dazzle painting’. Dazzle was a type of camouflage developed by the artist Norman Wilkinson in 1917, in response to the heavy losses sustained by British merchant ships to German U-boat submarines. His detailed drawings not only display his interest for the powerful lines of modern ships, but also his understanding of harbour activities. He was also a fine draughtsman, and saw his subject in terms of rhythmic designs and carefully structured composition. Everett received a permit to draw, and that summer, spent every day at the docks.Īs a practical sailor, Everett’s work reflects the knowledge he gained from living on board a ship. ![]() After his first sea voyage in 1898, Everett made marine painting his speciality.Įverett was at first unable to sketch outdoors due to wartime security regulations, but in the spring of 1918, the Ministry of Information asked him to depict London river scenes. Fellow students included Augustus and Gwen John, and William Orpen, whose portrait of Everett is displayed in the Queen’s House. John Everett (1876–1949) trained at the Slade School of Fine Art in London in the late 1890s, during which time he also developed a passion for seafaring. He lived through a time of enormous change – witnessing the first flight across the Channel in 1909, the ending of the commercial use of sailing ships, and two World Wars. ![]() He also worked on a series of heavily stylised pictures of Cutty Sark, which he had seen on several voyages.Everett’s marine work forms a unique record of an artist working on ships and painting at sea.He was commissioned by the Ministry of Information to make drawings and paintings of wartime London docks and the Thames, especially the visual effects of dazzle shipping.Everett occupies a unique position in the canon of marine painting through a lifetime’s artistic response to the sea.John Everett’s 1,058 oil paintings form one of the nation’s largest collections by a single artist.Herbert Barnard John Everett, 1877-1949 by William Orpen circa 1900
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